NCERT Class 10 Basic concepts of chapter 7(Control and Coordination)

The most Important points of Control and Coordination.

1. Living organisms respond and react to their environment.

2. The response to stimulus such as light, heat and cold varies in different organisms.

3. Plants have no elaborated systems for Control and Coordination as animals.

4. Growth and movement in plants are regulated by both external and internal factors.

5. Phytohormones are the chemical substances which help in control and coordination in plants.

6. Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene are Plant hormones.

7. The movement of plant which are directional, either towards the stimulus or away from it, are called trophic movements.

8. Bending of plant towards the light is called phototropism.

9. Downward movement of a plant in response to gravitational force is called geotropism.

10. The movement due to chemical stimulus as seen during the pollen tube growth is called chemotropism.

11. The movement in some plants is neither towards nor away from stimulus is called nastic movement. e.g., in ‘Touch-me-not’ leaves bend and droop on touching.

12. Flowering and seed germination in plants are regulated by a process called photo-periodism.

13. Plants respond to photoperiodic stimulus by a specialised pigment called phytochrome.

14. Phytohormones and phytochromes together help in control and coordination in the plants.

15. The specialised cells called neurons respond to a stimulus in animals.

16. A mass of condensed nerve nets is called nerve mass or ganglion in certain animals.

17. Sense organs are the receptors of a variety of external information.

18. Photoreceptors are related with the light.

19. Phonoreceptors are the sense organs for sound.

20. Olfactoreceptors receive smell.

21. Transfer of stimulus and response between brain and the body parts takes place by sensory and motor nerve cells respectively.

22. Vertebrate nervous system is composed of (i) central nervous system and (ii) peripheral nervous system.

23. Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.

24. A neuron has three components: 

   (i) cell body

   (ii) dendrites

   (iii) axon.

25. The functional junction between the two neurons is called synapse.

26. Chemical and electrical signal is called nerve impulse, which helps in passing the information between two neurons.

27. Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord.

28. Brain is the highest coordinating centre in the body.

29. Brain is protected by cranium.

30. Brain is covered by three membranes called meninges.

31. The space between membranes is filled by cerebrospinal fluid.

32. There are three parts of brain:

      (i) Fore-brain

     (ii) Mid-brain 

     (iii) Hind-brain.

33. Optical lobe is the region for visual reception.

34. Temporal lobe is the region for auditory reception.

35. Parietal lobe is related with touch, smell, temperature and conscious association.

36. Frontal lobe is a region for muscular activities.

37. Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata are the three centres of hind brain.

38. Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure enclosed within vertebral column.

39. Many activities of the internal organs like heart, blood vessels and glands are controlled by autonomic nervous system.

40. Autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

41. A reflex action is defined as an unconscious and involuntary response of effectors to a stimulus.

42. The path way of reflex action is called reflex arc. 

43. Hormones are Chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands.

44. Endocrine glands are those glands which secret the hormones.

45. Endocrine glands also called ductless glands because they do not have any type of duct to pass their hormones.

46. Hormones form the chemical control and coordination system called hormonal system.

47. Hormones are:

(i) specific

(ii) secreted by endocrine glands

(iii) poured directly into the blood and

(iv) They act on specific organ or tissue called target organ/tissue.

48. Pituitary occurs in brain. It is an important gland so it is called master gland.

49. Hormones regulate the various metabolic activities in the body.

50. Nervous system and hormonal system in our body together perform the function of control and coordination.

51. All movements in response to the environment are controlled and coordinated to make correct movement in response in living bodies. This is done through specialised tissues.

52. A neuron

(i) acquires information through dendrites,

(ii) The information travels as electric impulse through axon,

(iii) The impulse is converted into a chemical signal at synapse (the gap between ends of axons and dendrites of two neurons). Thus information is transmitted from one neuron to the other. 

53. Voluntary movements: Voluntary movements of body organs are those which are under control of our will. For e.g., movement of arms or legs.

54. Involuntary movements: Involuntary movements are those which are not in control of will. For example, beating of heart and peristaltic movement of intestine. These movements are controlled by the brain directly and are the spontaneous movements controlled by reflexes, that are controlled by the brain directly and are the spontaneous movements controlled by reflexes, that are controlled by spinal cord.

55. In plants, movements take place either due to growth or in response to some stimuli.

56. In animals, some cells like muscles change shape in order for movement to happen. Muscles have specialised proteins. Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of Water in them, resulting in shrinking or swelling.

57. Tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in contact with a support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow rapidly, whereas the part of the tendril away from the object grows comparatively faster. This causes the tendril to circle around the support and cling to it.

58. The information is transferred through electrical impulses in our body. Electrical impulses reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue. An other limitation is that once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the cell takes sometime to generate a new impulse. It means cells cannot continuously generate and transmit electrical impulses.

59. Cells have special molecules on their surface to recognise information conveyed through hormones.

60. Feedback mechanisms regulate the timing and amount of hormones released.